[Market Watch] Digital Product Passports (Dpp) Entering The Healthcare Equipment Marketplace

#Market #Watch #Digital #Product #Passports #Entering #Healthcare #Equipment #Marketplace

Update on Digital Product Passports DPPs. What does my business need to do to prepare by Global Trade Department

Title: Update on Digital Product Passports DPPs. What does my business need to do to prepare
Channel: Global Trade Department
[Expert Advice] Balancing Automated Ai Interventions With Human Coaching In Wellness Vendor Stacks

The Ghost in the Machine: Why Digital Product Passports Are the Next Seismic Shift in Healthcare Equipment

I remember standing in the sub-basement of a major metropolitan hospital back in 2016, surrounded by what looked like a graveyard of high-end medical imaging equipment. There were decommissioned MRI gantries, ultrasound machines with yellowed plastic casings, and surgical towers that had cost millions of dollars when purchased a decade prior. I asked the clinical engineering lead what was going to happen to all of this gear. He shrugged, sighed, and told me that most of it would sit there until they paid a specialized waste contractor to haul it away. Why? Because nobody could verify which replacement parts had been swapped in over the years, whether the copper coils in the magnets were still pure enough for recovery, or if the proprietary software had been patched to a safe state for resale. It was a multi-million-dollar inventory of advanced technology reduced to high-tech junk simply because of an information vacuum.

That memory has haunted me for years, but today, we are on the cusp of a revolution that will make this kind of tragic waste obsolete. Enter the Digital Product Passport (DPP). If you’ve been tracking the broader circular economy discourse, you know that DPPs are already making waves in textiles, batteries, and consumer electronics. But their entry into the healthcare equipment marketplace is a completely different beast. We aren't just talking about tracking the carbon footprint of a pair of sneakers here; we are talking about bringing absolute traceability, regulatory compliance, and circularity to the most complex, highly regulated, and life-critical hardware on the planet.

For the uninitiated, a Digital Product Passport is essentially a digital twin of a physical product that securely stores data throughout its entire lifecycle. It’s a dynamic, shareable record that travels with a medical device from the raw material extraction phase, through manufacturing, clinical operation, maintenance, refurbishment, and eventually, to its end-of-life recycling. In a sector where supply chains are notoriously opaque and safety margins are razor-thin, the DPP is not just a nice-to-have sustainability initiative. It is a fundamental rewriting of how we manufacture, buy, use, and retire medical hardware.

Let’s be completely honest: the healthcare sector has historically been incredibly slow to adopt circular principles. We operate under a "safety first, ask questions later" paradigm, which has long served as an excuse for an incredibly wasteful "take-make-waste" operational model. But the pressures are mounting from all sides. Regulatory bodies are tightening the screws, hospital systems are demanding concrete Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics, and supply chain disruptions have made raw materials more volatile than ever. The Digital Product Passport is the technological bridge that finally connects the sterile, uncompromising world of patient safety with the urgent, systemic necessity of resource conservation.

Unpacking the Digital Product Passport (DPP): What Is It, and Why Now?

To understand why DPPs are suddenly the hottest topic in medtech boardrooms, we have to look past the buzzwords and understand the underlying mechanics. A DPP is not merely a fancy QR code slapped onto the side of a ventilator. It is a comprehensive data architecture. At its core, it acts as a decentralized ledger that aggregates and verifies data from multiple stakeholders across the value chain. Imagine a secure, cloud-based repository that holds the chemical composition of every polymer in a surgical tool, the origin of the conflict-free tantalum in a pacemaker's capacitors, the exact calibration history of an infusion pump, and the real-time firmware version running on an anesthesia workstation.

The timing of this technological convergence is not accidental. Over the last decade, we have watched the rise of advanced IoT sensors, cloud computing, and decentralized ledgers mature to a point where tracking this volume of data is actually feasible without crushing operational margins. For years, manufacturers complained that tracking individual components was a logistical nightmare that would double the cost of production. But today, with standardized data protocols and automated data ingestion, that argument has completely lost its legs. We now have the digital infrastructure to make every single piece of medical hardware a self-reporting asset.

Insider Note: The Semantic Web and Medtech

Do not mistake a DPP for a static PDF stored in a manufacturer's database. To be truly functional under upcoming international frameworks, a DPP must be built on open, interoperable standards (like GS1 or W3C decentralized identifiers). This means that a third-party recycler in Munich can scan a device made in Tokyo and instantly read its material composition without needing a proprietary software license from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM).

Furthermore, the macroeconomic landscape has changed dramatically. The vulnerabilities exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic made it painfully clear that medical supply chains are fragile, highly interdependent webs. When a single factory shutdown in Asia can halt the production of critical diagnostic imaging systems worldwide, knowing exactly where your raw materials are and how they can be reclaimed from older machines becomes a matter of national security and business survival. The DPP provides the granular visibility needed to build resilient, redundant, and localized supply chains.

Finally, we have to acknowledge the shifting mindset of the buyers. The modern hospital procurement officer is no longer just looking at the upfront acquisition cost of a capital asset. They are looking at total cost of ownership, operational uptime, and, increasingly, the carbon footprint of their purchases. Major healthcare networks like the NHS in the UK and Kaiser Permanente in the US are actively factoring sustainability metrics into their tendering processes. If you are an OEM and you cannot provide transparent, verifiable data about your product's lifecycle and recyclability, you are going to find yourself locked out of major markets sooner than you think.

The Regulatory Catalyst: From European Mandates to Global Standards

If you want to know where the global healthcare equipment market is heading, you have to look at the regulatory landscape in Europe. The European Union’s Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), which forms a core pillar of the European Green Deal, is the primary driver behind the sudden urgency surrounding DPPs. While early phases of the ESPR focus on high-impact sectors like batteries and textiles, medical devices are rapidly coming into the crosshairs. The European Commission has made it clear that no sector will be exempt from the transition to a circular economy, and the healthcare industry is being given a brief window to get its house in order before compliance becomes mandatory.

But this isn’t just a European phenomenon. The historical pattern of medical device regulation shows us that what starts in Brussels or Washington eventually becomes the global baseline. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is watching these developments closely, particularly through the lens of supply chain resilience and cybersecurity. The FDA’s recent mandates around Software Bills of Materials (SBOM) for cyber-device submissions are, in reality, a specialized form of a Digital Product Passport. They require manufacturers to provide a transparent, machine-readable inventory of every software component within a device. It doesn't take a massive leap of imagination to see how this will merge with physical material tracking in the near future.

Furthermore, we are seeing a convergence between environmental regulations and established medical device frameworks like the European Medical Device Regulation (MDR). For a long time, these two regulatory spheres operated in silos. The MDR was laser-focused on clinical efficacy and patient safety, often ignoring the environmental impact of single-use devices or hazardous materials. However, the latest revisions of these regulations are beginning to harmonize. Manufacturers are realizing that they cannot achieve MDR compliance for a refurbished device without the absolute traceability that a DPP provides.

This regulatory pincer movement is forcing OEMs to transition from a reactive compliance posture to a proactive strategic model. I often tell my clients that if they are waiting for the exact day a law is passed to start building their DPP architecture, they have already lost the market. The engineering cycles for medical hardware are incredibly long—often taking three to five years from initial concept to commercial launch. If you are designing a complex imaging system today without integrating the data hooks required for a Digital Product Passport, you are effectively designing a product that will be obsolete, or potentially unsellable, by the time it hits the market.

The Anatomy of a Medical DPP: What Data Actually Lives Inside?

So, what does a medical-grade Digital Product Passport actually look like under the hood? It is helpful to think of it as a multi-layered data structure, where different stakeholders have access to different tiers of information based on their role and security clearance. You cannot simply expose every piece of data to everyone; a third-party repair technician needs to see circuit diagrams and calibration parameters, but they don't need to see proprietary manufacturing recipes or patient-identifiable usage data.

At the foundational layer, the DPP contains the basic identity and provenance data. This is where the Unique Device Identification (UDI) lives, alongside the manufacturer’s details, date of production, and geographic origin. This layer is public-facing and easily accessible via a simple scan. It establishes the baseline identity of the asset, ensuring that counterfeit goods can be instantly flagged and removed from the supply chain before they ever reach a clinical environment.

The second layer is the material and chemical composition layer. This is where the circular economy magic happens. It details the exact breakdown of plastics, metals, and rare earth elements used in the device. More importantly, it flags the presence of any hazardous substances, such as phthalates or heavy metals, that require specialized handling during recycling or disposal. This level of transparency is critical for recyclers who need to know exactly what they are dealing with before they shred or melt down a piece of medical equipment.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                      DIGITAL PRODUCT PASSPORT (DPP)                   |
|                                                                       |
|  [Layer 1: Public Identity] -> UDI, OEM Info, Production Date         |
|  [Layer 2: Materials & Chemistry] -> Polymer Breakdown, Hazardous Mat |
|  [Layer 3: Lifecycle & Maintenance] -> Service History, Part Swaps    |
|  [Layer 4: Software & Cyber] -> SBOM, Firmware Version, Patch History |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

The third layer is the dynamic lifecycle and maintenance record. This is not static data written at the factory; it is a living document that is updated every time the device is serviced, calibrated, or repaired. If a clinical engineer replaces a power supply unit in an incubator, that event is logged in the DPP, complete with the serial number of the new part and the credentials of the technician who performed the work. This creates an unalterable, audit-ready paper trail of the device’s operational history.

To make this concrete, here is a list of the critical data points that must be included in a robust, future-proof medical DPP:

Unique Device Identification (UDI): The globally standardized identifier that links the physical device to its digital twin.
Material Circularity Metrics: The percentage of post-consumer recycled content in the chassis and internal structural components.
Hazardous Substance Declarations: Compliance data mapping back to REACH and RoHS standards, flagging any restricted chemicals.
Software Bill of Materials (SBOM): A complete inventory of all open-source and proprietary software libraries, operating systems, and firmware versions.
Maintenance and Calibration History: A chronological log of every preventative maintenance event, repair, and component replacement.
End-of-Life Decommissioning Protocols: Step-by-step instructions for safe disassembly, decontamination, and material recovery.

The Colliding Worlds of Sustainability and Sterile Precision

When you talk to old-school medical device designers about sustainability, you often get a lot of eye-rolling. And to be fair, I understand where they are coming from. For the past forty years, the primary directive in healthcare product design has been absolute sterility and infection control. This directive drove the massive shift toward single-use plastics and disposable components in the late 20th century. It was a simple, elegant solution to the terrifying problem of cross-contamination: use it once, throw it away, and open a sterile new package for the next patient.

But this hyper-focus on sterile precision has created an environmental nightmare. Healthcare is responsible for approximately 4.4% of global net greenhouse gas emissions, and a significant portion of that footprint comes from the manufacturing, transport, and disposal of medical supplies and equipment. We are now realizing that we cannot protect human health on a dying planet. The challenge of our generation is to find a way to maintain, or even improve, the uncompromising standards of clinical sterility while systematically eliminating the waste that our current models generate.

This is where the collision between sustainability and sterile precision gets fascinating. The Digital Product Passport acts as the safety valve that allows us to safely reuse and remanufacture equipment without compromising patient safety. By providing an unbroken, verifiable record of a device's exposure to sterilizing agents, its operational hours, and its structural integrity, the DPP removes the guesswork from reprocessing. It changes the conversation from "Is it safe to reuse this?" to "We know it is safe to reuse this because we have the verified lifecycle data to prove it."

Insider Note: The Decontamination Ledger

One of the biggest roadblocks to refurbishing medical equipment is the fear of bio-contamination. A DPP can feature a dedicated "Decontamination Ledger" section, cryptographically signed by certified sterilization facilities. When a recycler or refurbisher receives an old piece of equipment, they don't have to guess if it has been properly decontaminated; they scan the passport and verify the digital signature of the sterilization clearinghouse.

This technological reassurance is critical for overcoming the cultural resistance within hospitals. Clinicians are naturally conservative—as they should be. Their primary duty is to the patient on the table, not the carbon target of the hospital group. If you hand a surgeon a reprocessed instrument, they need to have the same level of confidence in that tool as they would in a brand-new, single-use one. The DPP provides that confidence by making the entire history of that instrument completely transparent and auditable at the point of care.

Overcoming the Circular Economy Paradox in Healthcare

The circular economy is built on three core principles: designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems. In almost any other industry, applying these principles is a straightforward engineering challenge. If you want to build a circular smartphone, you make it modular, easy to disassemble, and easy to upgrade. But in healthcare, we run headfirst into what I call the "Healthcare Circularity Paradox."

The paradox is this: the very design choices that make a medical device safe, durable, and cleanable often make it incredibly difficult to recycle. For example, to withstand harsh chemical disinfectants like bleach and isopropyl alcohol, medical device housings are often made from specialized polymer blends or overmolded plastics that are fused together at a molecular level. These materials are fantastic for preventing hospital-acquired infections, but they are a nightmare for mechanical recycling because they cannot be easily separated into pure polymer streams.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                     THE HEALTHCARE CIRCULARITY PARADOX                |
|                                                                       |
|  [Clinical Requirement]                     [Circularity Requirement] |
|  Harsh chemical cleaning  <-------------->  Mono-material purity      |
|  Hermetic sealing (fused) <-------------->  Easy disassembly          |
|  Single-use sterile barriers <----------->  Durable, reusable assets  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

To break this paradox, we have to fundamentally rethink how we design medical hardware from day one. This is where the data from DPPs becomes incredibly valuable for R&D teams. By analyzing the end-of-life data of previous generations of equipment, design engineers can see exactly where their products failed to enter the circular loop. They can see which multi-material components ended up in landfills because they couldn't be separated, or which parts failed prematurely because they weren't designed for modular replacement.

Furthermore, the DPP enables "smart" circularity. Instead of aiming for a crude, one-size-fits-all recycling model, we can use the passport to direct different parts of a device to their highest-value next use. For instance, the structural steel frame of an operating table can be stripped and sent directly to a local foundry for melting, while the sensitive electronic control units can be returned to the original manufacturer for component-level harvesting and testing. This targeted, data-driven approach to circularity is the only way to bypass the physical limitations of material science in sterile environments.

Refurbishment and Remanufacturing Under the Microscope

Let’s talk about the difference between refurbishment and remanufacturing, because in the medical device world, these terms are heavily regulated and often misunderstood. Refurbishment generally involves restoring a used device to its original working order and safety specifications without changing its original performance or intended use. Remanufacturing, on the other hand, is a much more intensive process where a device is completely rebuilt to the latest performance specifications, often involving the integration of new technologies or software capabilities.

Both of these processes are critical for a circular healthcare economy, but they are fraught with legal and operational liabilities. If a third-party organization refurbishes an MRI machine and it subsequently malfunctions during a scan, who is liable? Is it the original manufacturer, the refurbisher, or the hospital’s in-house engineering team? This liability dread has historically kept many OEMs from embracing refurbishment, and has led them to actively discourage third-party servicing through proprietary software locks and parts hoarding.

The Digital Product Passport completely changes this dynamic by establishing a clear, unalterable record of custody and modification. When a device enters a remanufacturing facility, the passport logs the exact state of the incoming machine. Every step of the remanufacturing process is then documented in the digital twin:

Inbound Diagnostic Evaluation: The initial performance baseline and component wear-and-tear assessment.
Decontamination Verification: Certified proof that the device has been stripped of all biological vectors.
Component Replacement Log: A detailed list of which original parts were retained, which were replaced with OEM parts, and which were upgraded.
Firmware and Software Calibration: Verification that the device has been flashed with the correct, authorized software version.
Outbound Quality Assurance: The final safety and performance testing results, matching the original regulatory clearance parameters.

By creating this transparent, auditable trail, the DPP protects all parties involved. The OEM can prove that their original design was sound and that any subsequent failures were the result of unauthorized modifications logged in the passport. The refurbisher can demonstrate that they followed all certified procedures and used approved parts. And the buying hospital can purchase a remanufactured machine with the absolute confidence that it meets the same rigorous safety standards as a brand-new unit, at a fraction of both the financial and environmental cost.

Technical Architecture: How Do We Build a Secure, Interoperable DPP?

Now that we’ve established the "why" and the "what," let’s roll up our sleeves and look at the "how." Building a technical architecture for a healthcare Digital Product Passport is a masterclass in balancing competing demands. On one hand, the system must be open, interoperable, and accessible to a wide range of stakeholders—many of whom are competitors. On the other hand, it must be incredibly secure, tamper-proof, and compliant with strict healthcare data privacy regulations like HIPAA in the US and GDPR in Europe.

The foundational design principle for a medical DPP architecture must be decentralization. If you build a centralized database owned by a single manufacturer or a single software vendor, you have built a system that is doomed to fail. Competitors will refuse to upload their proprietary data to a rival's platform, and the system will remain siloed. Instead, we must look to decentralized data models where the data is stored in distributed repositories and linked together through a secure registry layer.

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                      DECENTRALIZED DPP ARCHITECTURE                    |
|                                                                        |
|  [Physical Device] -> Scans QR/RFID -> Resolves to DID Document        |
|                                                                        |
|  [Decentralized Registry Layer] (Verifiable Credentials, Access Control)|
|         /                              |                         \     |
|  [OEM Database]                [Servicer Database]      [Recycler DB]  |
|  (Proprietary Specs)           (Maintenance Logs)       (Material Data)|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

In this decentralized model, the physical device features a unique identifier—such as a high-density QR code, an RFID tag, or an NFC chip—that resolves to a Decentralized Identifier (DID) hosted on a secure network. When an authorized user scans the identifier, the system queries the decentralized registry to locate the relevant data endpoints. The data itself remains with the respective data owners (the OEM, the hospital, or the servicing organization) and is only fetched and assembled in real-time when the user presents the appropriate cryptographic credentials.

This architecture ensures that everyone maintains control over their own data. The OEM doesn't have to worry about their proprietary manufacturing secrets being leaked to a competitor, because they can restrict access to that specific data layer to verified recycling partners who have signed non-disclosure agreements. Meanwhile, the clinical engineering team can update the maintenance logs on their own secure servers, with the DPP registry merely pointing to the location of those verified records.

The Marriage of Unique Device Identification (UDI) and Decentralized Ledgers

To make this decentralized architecture work in practice, we must leverage infrastructure that the healthcare industry has already spent billions of dollars implementing: the Unique Device Identification (UDI) system. Under global regulatory frameworks, almost every medical device must already carry a UDI. This is a unique alphanumeric code that identifies the specific model and individual unit of a device. It is printed on the packaging and, in many cases, permanently marked on the device itself.

The UDI is the perfect anchor for a Digital Product Passport. Instead of inventing a completely new labeling standard and forcing manufacturers to redesign their physical production lines, we can use the existing UDI as the primary key that links the physical device to its digital twin. By mapping the UDI to a W3C-compliant Decentralized Identifier (DID), we can instantly turn a standard regulatory barcode into a gateway to a rich, dynamic lifecycle record.

Insider Note: Cryptographic Anchoring

To prevent bad actors from cloning barcodes and creating "spoofed" digital passports for counterfeit equipment, the physical UDI can be paired with an embedded cryptographic chip (secure element) within the device's electronics. When scanned, the chip performs a challenge-response handshake that proves the physical device is the genuine asset associated with that specific Digital Product Passport.

But how do we ensure that the data linked to this UDI is tamper-proof and authentic? This is where decentralized ledgers (such as enterprise blockchains or distributed ledger technology) come into play. We do not need to store the actual product data on a blockchain—that would be incredibly inefficient and a nightmare for data privacy. Instead, we store cryptographic hashes of the data on the ledger.

A hash is a unique digital fingerprint of a dataset. If even a single character in a 1,000-page maintenance log is altered, the resulting hash will change completely. By writing the hashes of the DPP data layers to a decentralized ledger, we create an immutable, timestamped audit trail. When a user accesses a device's passport, the system automatically recalculates the hashes of the retrieved data and compares them to the hashes stored on the ledger. If they match, the user has absolute, mathematically verifiable proof that the data has not been tampered with since it was written.

The Cybersecurity Conundrum: Protecting Intellectual Property and Patient Data

When you bring up the concept of an open, shared product passport to a medtech Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), you can practically see their blood pressure rise. And they are right to be terrified. Medical devices are prime targets for cyberattacks. A compromised infusion pump or pacemaker can be used as an entry point to breach a hospital’s entire network, or worse, can be directly manipulated to harm a patient.

The introduction of a DPP must not create new attack vectors. If a hacker can access a device's Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) through a poorly secured passport, they are handed a roadmap of every known vulnerability in that device's operating system and software libraries. They can see exactly which outdated version of Linux the machine is running, or which open-source communication protocols are active. This is why strict, attribute-based access control (ABAC) is non-negotiable for medical DPPs.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                    ATTRIBUTE-BASED ACCESS CONTROL (ABAC)              |
|                                                                       |
|  User Role:            Access Granted To:                             |
|  [Hosp. Tech]  ----->  Maintenance Logs, Calibration Guides           |
|  [Recycler]    ----->  Material Composition, Disassembly Guides       |
|  [FDA Auditor] ----->  Full Traceability, SBOM, Clinical Test Hashes  |
|  [Public/Gen]  ----->  Basic OEM Info, UDI Verification               |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Under an ABAC model, access to data within the passport is granted based on a combination of the user's identity, their organization, their role, and the context of the request. A general member of the public scanning a device might only see the basic manufacturer information and a verification that the device is not counterfeit. A certified biomedical technician, however, would present a verifiable digital credential that unlocks the repair manuals and service history. An FDA auditor would have a credential that exposes the full, unredacted SBOM and manufacturing quality records.

Furthermore, we must address the issue of patient data privacy. Let me be unequivocally clear: no patient-identifiable data should ever be stored in a Digital Product Passport. The DPP is about the product, not the patient. While a device's passport might log that a specific surgical robot performed 500 procedures, it must never contain any information about who those patients were, what their diagnoses were, or any other protected health information (PHI). Keeping these two data streams completely segregated is essential for maintaining compliance with HIPAA, GDPR, and other global privacy frameworks.

Real-World Impact: The Operational Reality on the Hospital Floor

It is easy to get lost in the high-level theory of circular economies and decentralized ledgers, but the true test of any technology is what happens when it hits the messy, chaotic reality of the hospital floor. How does a Digital Product Passport change the daily lives of nurses, clinical engineers, procurement officers, and facilities managers? If it just adds another administrative layer to their already overburdened schedules, it will be rejected, bypassed, and ultimately fail.

To succeed, the DPP must be designed as an operational enabler—a tool that actively removes friction from daily workflows rather than adding to it. Imagine a clinical engineer responding to a malfunction alert on a complex neonatal incubator. Today, they often have to hunt down physical binders, search through disparate legacy software systems to find the service history, and guess whether a specific component has been replaced before.

With a DPP-enabled fleet, the workflow is transformed:

Instant Diagnostics: The technician scans the incubator's asset tag with a tablet, instantly pulling up its complete, verified service history, wiring diagrams, and real-time error codes.
Component Verification: The system flags that the heating element was replaced six months ago with a third-party part that is known to have compatibility issues with the latest firmware update.
Streamlined Ordering: The technician orders the correct, OEM-certified replacement part directly through the passport interface, which automatically updates the device's digital twin with the pending maintenance action.
Compliance Automation: Once the repair is complete, the technician signs off with their digital credential, automatically generating an audit-ready compliance record that is pushed to the hospital’s Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS).

Revolutionizing Procurement and Preventive Maintenance

The impact of DPPs on the procurement phase of medical equipment cannot be overstated. Today, hospital procurement is a largely transactional affair. You write a request for proposal, you review technical specifications, you negotiate a price, and you sign a contract. But once the equipment is delivered, the connection between the buyer and the manufacturer's data stream

[Expert Advice] Balancing Automated Ai Interventions With Human Coaching In Wellness Vendor Stacks

Digital Product Passport webinar Considerations on Technical Design by EU Growth

Title: Digital Product Passport webinar Considerations on Technical Design
Channel: EU Growth
[Service Review] Betterup Coaching & Mental Fitness Audit: Is Executive And Employee Coaching Worth The Price?

The Future of Fashion is Here Introducing Digital Product Passports DPPs by EPAM Systems

Title: The Future of Fashion is Here Introducing Digital Product Passports DPPs
Channel: EPAM Systems

What Is the Digital Product Passport Everything There Is To Know About the DPP Up Until Now by Plytix

Title: What Is the Digital Product Passport Everything There Is To Know About the DPP Up Until Now
Channel: Plytix